Sreekala sasidharan biography definition

Abstract

Background

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious nosocomial infections, especially in immunodeficient patients and cystic fibrosis, cancer, and burned individuals. The biofilm that plays an important role in the virulence of P. aeruginosa is under the regulation of quorum sensing and two-component regulatory systems of bacteria. Curcumin, an active phenolic extract of turmeric has shown an inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of some pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of Nano-Curcumin on the expression of major regulatory genes involved in biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa.

Materials and Methods

The biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 was assessed in the presence of 15, 20, and 25 µg/mL concentrations of Nano-Curcumin using the microplate titer method. The effect of Nano-Curcumin on the expression level of regulatory genes were determined by relative reverse transcriptase-realtime PCR.

Results

In the absence of Nano-Curcumin, P. aeruginosa strain ATCC 10145 strongly produced biofilm (3+) and in the presence of 15 and 20 µg/mL, biofilm formation was reduced to moderate (2+) and weak biofilm producer (1+), respectively. Nano-Curcumin at a concentration of 25µg/mL inhibited biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. The expression of regulatory genes was not affected by biofilm inhibitory concentrations of Nano-Curcumin.

Conclusion

The antibiofilm mechanism of Curcumin is not related to the downregulation of regulatory systems of P. aeruginosa and probably it prevents the formation of a complete biofilm structure.

Keywords:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm formation, Nano-Curcumin

Introduction

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen found everywhere and able to infect immunocompromised patients including those with cystic fibrosis and extensive burn wounds. Because of more antibiotic resistance of bacterial cells living

2011 film by Santosh Sivan

For other uses, see Urumi (disambiguation).

Urumi (also known as Urumi: The Warriors Who Wanted to Kill Vasco Da Gama), is a 2011 Indian Malayalam-language epichistorical drama film written by Shankar Ramakrishnan and directed as well as co-produced by Santosh Sivan. It features an ensemble cast including Prithviraj Sukumaran, Arya, Prabhu Deva, Genelia D'Souza, Nithya Menon, Vidya Balan, Jagathy Sreekumar, Alex O'Nell and Sasi Kallinga. This film marks the debut of both Prabhu Deva and Genelia D'Souza in Malayalam Cinema.

The film is set in the early 16th century, when the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean. The story follows Murikkancheri Kelu (Prithviraj), seeking to avenge the death of his father at the hands of the colonizers, and his cohorts Vavvali of Nagapattinam (Prabhu Deva), princess Ayesha of Arackel (Genelia D'Souza) and princess Bala of Chirakkal (Nithya Menon). The plot incorporates the intrigues of the Chirakkal Royal Family, where Kelu serves as commander-in-chief, its rivalry with the house of Arackal, and the assassination of prince Bhanu Vikraman (Ankur Khanna). The plot also incorporates such historical figures as Estêvão da Gama (Alexx O'Nell), Vasco da Gama (Alexx O'Nell & Robin Pratt) and Chenichery Kurup (Jagathy Sreekumar).

The film was made on a budget of more than ₹20 crore, making it the second-most expensive Malayalam film at the time, after Gokulam Gopalan's Pazhassi Raja (2009). The film also marked the debut of Prithviraj Sukumaran as producer.Urumi was released in Hindi as Ek Yodha Shoorveer, in Tamil as Urumi: Padhinaintham Nootrandu Uraivaal written by Sasikumaran and dubbed in Telugu with the same title, Urumi.

The film was critically acclaimed. It won two Kerala State Film Awards, for Best Background Music (Deepak Dev) and for Best Sound Recordist (M. R. Rajakris

Abstract

Infections in infants, after childbirth, remain a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, globally. A soaring percentage of these infections arise from bacterial colonization of the umbilicus. Current therapy for omphalitis includes the topical application of chlorhexidine on the umbilicus. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are the key causative organisms of omphalitis, are resistant to chlorhexidine. In this study, curcumin-loaded liposomes were prepared using the “thin film hydration” method. Liposomes were characterized by particle size analysis, light microscopy, encapsulation efficiency, and flux. Stable organogels were formed via a high-speed homogenization method and stabilized by an emulsifier mix. They were evaluated for stability over a period by observing for phase separation. Four gels F1 (curcumin-loaded liposomes in chlorhexidine organogel), F2 (curcumin-loaded liposomes in organogel), F3 (chlorhexidine in organogel), and control (plain organogel) were prepared. Physicochemical properties of all gels were evaluated such as organoleptic tests, gel-to-sol transition, rheological studies, pH, skin irritancy, spreadability, accelerated stability, and antibacterial activity studies. Liposomes were spherical with an average size of 7 μm and an encapsulation efficiency of 97%. The in vitro release profile best fits the Higuchi mathematical model implying that curcumin release was by diffusion and dissolution mechanism. In vitro release was also higher at pH 5.5. F1 had the highest spreadability of 63 mmg and the lowest viscosity of 184,400 MPas at a shear rate of 10 rotations per minute with a pH of 6.5. Formulation F1 also displayed the highest antibacterial activity against all three bacteria. It can be concluded that