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Historical Summary

Enslavement

History of slavery in West Virginia - Wikipedia

West Virginia in the American Civil War - Wikipedia

Mountaineer Reconstruction: Blacks in the Political Reconstruction of West Virginia | The Journal of Negro History: Vol 78, No 3 (uchicago.edu)

Institutional Racism and Racial Terror

Explore The Map | Lynching In America (eji.org)

Slave Narratives

Slavery, Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws

List of Jim Crow law examples by state - Wikipedia

Black History Timeline

A Timeline of African Americans in West Virginia (wvculture.org)

1619. In August, the first 20 African slaves arrived in Jamestown, Virginia for the use of British colonists. Source: Sheeler, "The Negro in West Virginia Before 1900," 6.

1775. On November 7, Virginia Governor Dunmore authorized the recruitment of free African Americans into the British Army. Source: Sheeler, "The Negro in West Virginia Before 1900," 59.

1778. On May 29, following a brief retreat after the attack on Fort Randolph in Point Pleasant, Mason County, Native American warriors attacked Fort Donnally in present Greenbrier County. Militiamen John Pryor and Philip Hammond, disguised as Native Americans, traveled from Fort Randolph to Fort Donnally, notifying residents of the impending attack. At one point, Hammond and Dick Pointer, one of Colonel Donnally's slaves, allegedly held off the attackers by themselves. Troops from Camp Union commanded by Matthew Arbuckle and Samuel Lewis ended the attack the following day. In 1795, the Virginia General Assembly freed Pointer from slavery in appreciation for his actions. Source: Rice, West Virginia: A History, 41.

1832. On January 20, Charles Faulkner of Berkeley County delivered a speech before the Virginia General Assembly in which he denounced slavery on economic grounds. William Lloyd Garrison began publishing the speech annually in his abolitionist newspaper Liberator, as an example of anti-slavery sentiment in the South. Source: Doherty, Berkeley

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ALSO BY HENRY LOUIS GATES, JR.

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Copyright © 2017 by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto. Pantheon Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC. Portions of this work originally appeared, in different form, in The Root (www.theroot.com). Library of Congress Catalogin